One of the fun things about dialectal differences in English is how the poetry turns out. There are some rhymes that just wouldn’t work in your own dialect of English, but work fine in another. For instance, the way I learned that Canadian English has a different pronunciation of sorry from mine was by hearing a Nickelback song on the radio five hundred million times in 2002:
“It’s not like you to say sorry
I was waiting on a different story.”
My hometown of Pittsburgh has this too, as I found out reading a poem about the game in which the Terrible Towel (the original rally towel, which Pittsburghers wave at Steeler games, Olympic award ceremonies, weddings, births, presidential inaugurations, etc.) debuted:
“‘It was easy,’ said Andy
And he flashed a crooked smile,
‘I was snapped on the fanny
By the Terrible Towel!'”
That probably seems like terrible poetry to you, not only because it is, but also because the bolded end-rhymes of the second and fourth lines aren’t remotely similar. But to native Pittsburghers, they are. That’s because we have two vowel shifts that move us away from the “standard” American English pronunciations. Both of them are “monophthongizations”, which is a really fun word to say once you figure how to. Monophthongization is the process of converting a diphthong to a monophthong (I’ll explain those terms in a minute.)
The first vowel shift is the conversion of /aɪ/ to /ɑ/ before an l or r. /aɪ/ is the phonetician’s way of writing what you learn in school as “long i”; it’s the vowel in sight, rhyme, or the pronoun I. It is a diphthong, which means that it’s really two vowels jammed together. If you say sight really slowly, you’ll notice that your lower jaw comes down as you start the vowel (the /a/ part), and then it starts back up, moving into sort of an “ee” sound (the /ɪ/ part) before you stop. If you don’t have anyone looking at you right now, try it yourself, and you’ll actually feel your mouth move from /a/ to /ɪ/. That’s a diphthong; it’s a sound where you start at one vowel and keep going until you finish at a new vowel. A monophthong, on the other hand, is a vowel sound that has the same sound throughout, like the /æ/ sound in American English hat. (Or the /a/ in British hat.) If you say hat slowly, you’ll notice that you start the vowel with your lower jaw down, and you only raise it back up when you start to make the t sound at the end, maintaining more or less the same vowel sound throughout. If you’re having trouble seeing the difference between mono- & diphthongs, don’t worry. The only crucial point is that the vowels in question are different in some way.
Returning to the Pittsburgh monophthongizations, we convert /aɪ/ to /ɑ/ before an l or r, so smile has a vowel that’s more like an “ah” sound than the standard “long i”.* The other monophthongization is the conversion of /aʊ/, the sound in Standard American English town, to /a/, another “ah”-type sound. This is why Pittsburghers sometimes write “dahntahn” for downtown. The first of these monophthongizations isn’t particularly rare in American English, occurring (if I remember correctly) in Appalachia, and parts of the Eastern Midwest as well. The second monophthongization is pretty much unique to Pittsburgh, at least among American English speakers.
And that’s how the rhyme works. /aɪ/ in smile turns into one “ah”-like vowel, and /aʊ/ in towel turns into another “ah”, and tah-dah! We get poetry that seems like free verse to anyone from another city! And at the low cost making the word pairs dowel-dial, foul-file, towel-tile, and vowel-vile more or less indistinguishable.
—
*: Since this shift only applies to vowels before an l or r, Pittsburghers pronounce the vowels in smile and smite differently.
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July 7, 2010 at 12:31 pm
mike
Very cool, Gabe! Question: You say that these involve shifts away from standard American English. Speaking strictly historically, are these in fact shifts away, or do they represent some sort of state from which American English shifted away? iow, Who did the shifting?
July 7, 2010 at 1:06 pm
Gabe
That’s a great question, Mike! I haven’t read enough of the articles on Pittsburgh English to know how the differences arose. My impression, from what I have read on syntactic idiosyncrasies in Pittsburgh English, is that the source may be from the specific sort of English speakers who settled there, especially the Scots-Irish. So my guess is that these pronunciations might be holdovers from their original pronunciations in Scots-Irish-tinged English, but I really don’t know. Any thoughts, anyone?
July 7, 2010 at 5:30 pm
Mongoose
Cool. In the same genre, we have
“Day after day
They tell me I can fly”
(All the Madmen by David Bowie)
and
“Towering in gallant fame
Scotland my moutain home”
(Scotland the Brave by Cliff Hanley)
July 9, 2010 at 3:03 pm
Tom S. Fox
How do you pronounce ”sorry“?
July 10, 2010 at 2:04 am
Gabe
Mongoose: how are day & fly and fame & home pronounced in those songs? I can’t begin to imagine how to get them to rhyme.
Tom: For me, it rhymes with starry (so it’s /ɑ/ or /ɒ/, not sure which, in IPA).
July 12, 2010 at 12:59 am
English Grammar
Nice article, i haven’t read much about Pittsburgh English, so can’t really comment on it. But i couldn’t resist myself from telling you that how interesting this whole thing is, and this has certainly motivated me to read more on this!
Thanks for sharing it here, i will read about this and will definitely comment on this particular subject.
July 15, 2010 at 7:14 pm
CaitieCat
I believe Scots has “hame” for “home”; “day” and “fly” could be close-ish (close enough for rock’n’roll, as they say) if one had an “Estuary English” accent of some fair strength.
Very interesting article, as always. :)
July 16, 2010 at 12:44 am
mike
It occurs to me (belatedly) that it would be cool if you could post an audio file that illustrated this. I’m sitting here trying out ways to say “dahntahn” (wife: “What is it you’re muttering over there?”), but do not have a high confidence level that I’m getting it right.
I’ve tried a little research, just for fun:
July 24, 2010 at 12:32 pm
Gabe
mike: Thanks sending along the Johnstone talk, and for suggesting audio. I’ve got a couple of links that might explain the accent for you.
The first is from the “recordings” section of Johnstone’s Pittsburgh English website: http://english.cmu.edu/pittsburghspeech/recordings.html I’d recommend listening to the first three recordings: Ruth, Bob, and Dennis. They remind me of the proper Pittsburgh English that I couldn’t relate to as a kid. Dennis’s recording is especially good for hearing the Pittsburgh pronunciation of “smile”; listen to the way he says “while” and “plow” near the end of the second paragraph.
The second is a Youtube clip of a classic routine from one of the Pittsburgh radio stations’ morning show, an ad for the fictional Pittsburgh clothing store “Pants ‘n At”. It’s not a terribly exaggerated form of Pittsburghese they’re using, although I’ve only ever met a few people who are quite so Pittsburgh-y.
(And if you want one more Youtube clip, check out http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ADyXkIFn-I8 for “Downtown” being sung by Pittsburghers.)
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